Incoterms and Cost Allocation
Understanding cost allocation under different Incoterms rules is essential for both buyers and sellers in international trade. Each Incoterm specifies which costs are borne by each party.
Cost Allocation by Incoterm
EXW (Ex Works)
Under EXW:
- Seller bears minimal costs
- Buyer bears all transport costs
- Buyer bears all insurance costs
- Buyer bears all customs costs
FOB (Free on Board)
Under FOB:
- Seller bears costs to port
- Buyer bears ocean freight
- Buyer bears insurance
- Buyer bears import costs
CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight)
Under CIF:
- Seller bears all costs to destination
- Seller bears insurance
- Buyer bears import costs
- Buyer bears unloading costs
Cost Components
- Transportation costs
- Insurance premiums
- Customs duties and taxes
- Loading and unloading
- Documentation fees
Best Practices
- Clearly define cost responsibilities
- Include all relevant costs
- Consider currency fluctuations
- Plan for unexpected costs
- Maintain cost records
Common Challenges
- Hidden costs
- Currency exchange rates
- Cost fluctuations
- Unexpected charges
- Cost disputes
Cost Management
- Budget planning
- Cost tracking
- Cost optimization
- Regular review
- Contingency planning